Тема "Английские традиции и обычаи" (British traditions and customs). Перевод топика: Британские традиции и обычаи
Topic: English customs and traditions
Тема: Традиции и обычаи англичан
Англичане – это нация, которая всегда считалась одной из самых консервативных во всем, что они делают и что их окружает. Именно поэтому они с уважением относятся к своим традициям и на протяжении многих лет сохраняют и продолжают их. Яркий пример такого консерватизма в традициях – это английская королева, с которой связано огромное количество английских традиций.
Все свои традиции англичане трепетно хранят на протяжении многих веков и считают своим долгом им следовать. Давайте рассмотрим их подробнее.
It is impossible to find the usual English traditions in any other countries. For example their liquid measures are pints (the half of the liter), quarts, and gallons. Also they do not use the international measure of distance like kilometers and kilograms instead of them they use traditional mile, ounce, pound, stones and etc. which are used only in Britain. Even the meal time or tea time has the certain tradition peculiarities like the worldwide known five o’clock tea. It is the time when friends, family or colleagues gather to take a cup at the certain time. Also that the traditional breakfast of Englishmen is oatmeal porridge.
Поговорим о повседневных английских традициях, которые не найдешь в любой другой стране. Пинта – это общепринятые пол литра жидкости, которые имеют такое название только в Англии. Англичане не употребляют в системе измерения общепринятые километры и килограммы, более традиционно для них использование таких мер измерений как миля, унция, фунт, стоун, ярд и другие, которые известны только англичанам. Даже прием пищи или чая в Англии имеет свой определенные традиционный окрас, ведь всему миру известна такая традиция как «пятичасовой чай», когда традиционно друзья, семья, коллеги собираются чтобы выпить чая с молоком в определенное время. А в отношении еды, то ни для кого не секрет, что овсянка – это традиционный завтрак англичан.
The very old tradition is The Marble Championship, when the British champion is crowned and gets the silver cup which is dedicated to the folk dance called Morris Dancing. This of bright dressed people with the different sizes of the kerchiefs in their
Мраморный чемпионат – это очень древняя английская традиция, во время которой коронуют чемпиона и дарят серебряный кубок, посвященный народному танцу Моррис Дансинг. Это традиционное событие, которое сопровождается веселыми национальными танцами в ярких костюмах и с платками различного размера в руках.
Что касается праздников, то Англичане также как и многие другие отмечают Новый год, Пасху и Рождество, соблюдая общепринятые традиции, а в остальном большая часть традиционных праздников чаще всего попадает на понедельник.
Новый год отмечают в кругу семьи и по традиции, когда центральные куранты оповещают о последних минутах уходящего года, глава семьи открывает нараспашку входную дверь своего дома, тем самым выпускает старый год и позволяет войти новому.
After Christmas on December 26th when everybody gives the gifts to each other. And then on December 27th Englishmen . Not all the British men follow the usual Christmas traditions for example in Scotland this holiday of the rest. and its holiday are days off in Scotland.
После Рождества 26 декабря отмечается День Рождественского подарка, когда принято дарить подарки друзьям и близким, а следом за ним 27 декабря проводится Рождественский день отдыха. Традиционным обычаям в Рождество следует не все Британцы, к примеру, в Шотландии этот праздник не считается общенациональным и не является выходным днем, а вот в Новогоднюю ночь и на протяжении всех новогодних каникул Шотландия празднует и не выходит на работу.
В конце весны яркие примеры английских традиций можно увидеть на выставке цветов, где лучшие садоводы Англии составляют лучший букет, а в завершении выставки проходит яркое представление с участием всех участников и горожан, которое сопровождается яркими массовыми гуляньями, конкурсами и костюмированными шествиями. Это событие называется Майским праздником, которое празднуется в первый понедельник мая. А в последний понедельник мая проводится другой традиционный Праздник Весны во время, которого улицы украшены гирляндами и цветами, и можно попробовать традиционный английский ростбиф, приготовленный в лучших английских традициях. В этот же месяц проводится фестиваль трубочистов Рочестера.
English traditions are probably world famous. Lots of people have in their mind a picture of a traditional English person happily following most extraordinary and strange customs almost every minute of the day. Of course, like any stereotype it’s not quite accurate, though it does have the basis of truth. English people are traditional in many ways. They do enjoy doing things that have been done for generations for no other reason than they are traditional. English traditions belong to different spheres of life: ceremonies and institutions, entertainment, sport, particular holidays and occasions, folklore and superstitions. Some of traditions have no particular connections.
Probably the most imposing traditions are connected with Parliament. Parliament is a very old institution and throughout its long history it acquired its own traditions. They include processions by Mr. Speaker into the House of Commons and by the Lord-Chancellor into the House of Lords before the usual working day starts in Parliament, Searching by Torch Light of the cellars under the House of Commons - the custom followed ever since 1605 when a group of Catholics headed by a man called Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament with gun powder, and others. But the most spectacular tradition is the State Opening of Parliament at the beginning of November when the Queen reads her speech prepared by the Prime Minister to both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. On the day of the State Opening of Parliament the Queen drives in the State Coach pulled by six white horses from Buckingham Palace to Westminster. Then she goes into Parliament through the Sovereign’s Entrance where she is received by the Great Officers of the State, all wearing traditional clothes - buckled shoes and tight trousers. Then the Queen goes up to the Robing Room where she puts on her crimson parliamentary robe and the imperial state crown. Then she walks in procession through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords where all lords, also robed, are waiting for her. On her way the Queen orders the Gentleman Usher, known as the Black Rod, to summon the House of Commons. This is a very strange procedure. The Black Rod goes to the door of the House of Commons which is slammed in his face as soon as he reaches it. He then has to knock three times. He is challenged and replies, than in the name of her Majesty the Queen he summons the House of Commons. He himself is not allowed into the Chamber nor is the Queen. This tradition goes back to around 1640, when King Charles I tried to arrest five members of Parliament. The House of Commons then follows the Black Rod to the House of Lords. But they are not allowed right into the Chamber. When at last they are assembled, the Queen reads her speech. After that she returns to Buckingham Palace in the State Coach.
Various festivals and holidays are regularly held all over Britain. They are of course always the time when traditions flourish. And none is more traditional than Christmas. The decorations for Christmas start now to go up in shops, homes and offices about longer than a month beforehand, and they all by tradition have to be taken down before the 12th night after Christmas. Every house will have some sort of Christmas tree decorated with lights. On the Christmas Eve night presents for the family are put in a heap round the foot of the tree. On Christmas Eve young children hang up large socks at the end of their beds.
Vocabulary:
to date back – датироваться
to be proud of – гордиться
to preserve – сохранять
to be linked – быть связанным
to obey – подчиняться
to mark – отмечать
a sweetheart – любимый/ая
a message – послание
a scary face – страшное лицо
So many countries so many customs, an English proverb says. A great number of customs and traditions date back to the early days of Great Britain. We can say that they are the reflection of the country’s history and the people’s psychology. The British can be proud of that they preserved their old customs and traditions most of them have been kept without change since the 13 th century.
Some British customs and traditions are famous all over the world. For example, the celebration of New Year and Christmas is similar to our own. People decorate New Year trees, give each other presents, some go to parties at friend’s home or at night-clubs.
St. Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14 th . On that day people send cards and presents to their sweethearts or friends. Some British newspapers have a whole page for Valentine’s Day messages on that day.
April 1 st is April Fool’s Day in Britain. It is linked with the celebration of spring, the return of sun and warmth. This tradition is very old and goes back to the Middle Ages. At that time the servants were masters for one day of the year. They gave orders and the masters had to obey. Now April Fool’s Day is different. It is a day for jokes and tricks.
May 1 st was another important day in the Middle Ages. Early in the morning, young girls went to the field and washed their faces with dew. They believed this made them beautiful for the whole year.
Midsummer’s Day, June 24 th , is the longest day of the year. Even today Druids come to Stonehenge to see the morning sun shine on the famous stones. Stonehenge is one of Europe’s biggest stone circles. The stones are ten meters high and nearly five thousand years old. They say, the Druids used it as a calendar to know the start of months and seasons.
Hallowe’en is celebrated on October 31 st . it is a religious holiday known as All Saint’s Day. The symbols of Hallowe’en are evil spirits (witches, ghosts, goblins and skeletons), black color and pumpkins with scary faces and a candle inside. Children usually go trick or treating on that day.
Guy Fawke’s Day is marked on November 5 th . All over the country people build wood fires or “bonfires”. On top of each bonfire is a guy. It is made of straw and old clothes.
Answer the questions:
1. What can we say about the customs and traditions of Great Britain? How old
2. What are the most famous winter traditions?
3. What holidays do they celebrate in spring?
4. What do they mark in summer?
5. What are the most famous autumn traditions?
Translate from Russian into English.
1. Строительство этой церкви датируется 18 веком.
2. Его сестра гордиться своими оценками в школе.
4. Этот праздник связан с религией.
5. Граждане должны подчиняться закону.
6. Учитель отметил все мои ошибки.
7. Он оставил сообщение своей любимой.
8. Фильм, который я посмотрел вчера, был не очень страшный.
Text 4. St. Valentine’s Day.
Vocabulary:
St. Valentine"s Day - День Святого Валентина
Christian - христианский
priest - священник
prison - тюрьма
to behead - отрубить голову
authorities - власти
teachings - учение
miracle - чудо
to cure - исцелить
jail - тюрьма
jailer - тюремщик
blindness - слепота
execution - казнь
bishop - епископ
to marry (couples) - венчать (пары)
to be burnt at the stake - быть сожженным на костре
randomly - случайно
sweetheart - возлюбленный
medieval - средневековый
custom - обычай
to spread - распространяться
to care for - любить
valentine - открытка или подарок, посылаемые в день Валентина
anonymous - анонимный
heart-shaped - в форме сердца
There are several legends about St. Valentine"s Day. One of the legends says that Valentine was Christian priest who lived in the 3 century A.D. He was put into prison by roman authorities for his teachings and was beheaded on February 14. According to the legend he performed a miracle - he cured his jailer"s daughter of her blindness. Before the execution he wrote her a letter signed «From Your Valentine». Another legend says that the same Valentine wrote to children and friends who loved him from the jail.
According to another legend, Valentine was an Italian bishop who lived at about the same time. He was thrown into prison because he secretly married couples, contrary to the laws of the Roman empire. The legend says that he was burnt at the stake.
February 14 was also a Roman holiday. On this day young men randomly chose the name of the girl to escort to the festival. The custom of choosing a sweetheart on this day became very popular in the medieval Europe. Later this custom spread to American colonies.
Now, St. Valentine"s Day is the day of sweethearts. On this day, people show their friends relatives and loved ones that they care. People send candy or flowers to those whom they love. Most people send «valentines», greeting cards named after St. Valentine"s letters written from jail. Valentines can be sentimental and romantic, or funny and friendly. Valentines can be anonymous. Valentines can be heart-shaped or can carry hearts on them. People buy valentines or make them themselves.
Answer the questions:
1. Who was Valentine according to one legend?
2. What was he beheaded for?
3. What was the Valentine"s guilt according to the other legends?
4. What holiday was on February 14 in the Roman empire?
5. What do people send to their loved ones and friends on St. Valentine"s Day?
6. What is a «valentine»?
Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind.
The English are reputed to be cold and reserved. In reality they are steady, easy-going and fond of sport. But these statements can"t be universal.
Great Britain consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Inhabitants of all these parts have a lot of differences. For example, the Scots are not English. The Scots are thought to be kind, but at first glance they are not so amiable. They don’t like to compromise, lean much upon logic and run much to extremes. The Scots are more extravagant, their traditions are more colourful and exciting.The Gaelic language and songs, the tartan, the bagpipes are completely Scottish.
There is no other part of the British Isles where national spirit is stronger, national pride more intense and national traditions more appreciated than in Wales. The Welsh still wear proudly their national dress on holidays. The Welsh language is still very much a living force and is taught side by side with English at schools. Welshmen, who have a highly developed artistic taste, have contributed heavily to poetry, songs and drama. The national Welsh Eisteddfod is devoted to music, literature and the arts. It is a competitive festival and is held in the first week of August. Prizes are awarded for music, prose and verse, painting and drama. Many thousands of people attend it every year.
The main difference between the Irish and the British is their religion.
But there are some things that unite them all together. One of them is gardening. The love of gardens is deeply rooted in all the British people. You will seldom see a suburban garden neglected. Britain is also a nation of animal lovers. Every family has a pet, which is paid much attention to.
Обычаи и традиции Великобритании
Почти каждая нация имеет репутацию некоторого рода.
Англичане имеют репутацию холодных и сдержанных людей. В действительности они являются стабильными, легкими на подъем и любителями спорта. Но эти заявления не могут быть универсальными.
Великобритания состоит из Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. Жители всех этих частей имеют много различий. Например, шотландцы - это не англичане. Шотландцы, как считается, добрые, но на первый взгляд, они не столь любезны. Они не любят идти на компромисс, во многом опираются на логику и часто впадают в крайности. Шотландцы более экстравагантны, их традиции более красочны и интересны. Гаэльский язык и песни, тартан, волынка - всё полностью шотландское.
Не существует никакой другой части Британских островов, где национальный дух был бы сильнее, национальная гордость более интенсивной и национальные традиции ценились бы больше, чем в Уэльсе. Валлийцы до сих пор с гордостью носят свою национальную одежду на праздники. Валлийский язык еще является языком живого общения и преподаётся бок о бок с английским языком в школах. Валлийцы, которые имеют высокоразвитый художественный вкус, внесли большой вклад в поэзию, песни и театральные представления. Валлийский национальный Айстэдфод посвящен музыке, литературе и искусству. Это фестиваль - конкурс и проводится он в первую неделю августа. Премии присуждается за музыку, прозу и стихи, картины и театральные представления. Тысячи людей посещают его каждый год.
Основное различие между ирландцами и британцами это их религия.
Но есть некоторые вещи, которые объединяют их всех вместе. Одним из них является садоводство. Любовь к садоводству глубоко укоренилась во всех британцах. Вы редко увидете заброшенный пригородный сад. Великобритания также является нацией любителей животных. В каждой семье есть домашнее животное, которому уделяется большое внимание.
Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the life of the people than in other countries.
Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. Foreigners coming to England are struck at once by quite a number of customs and peculiarities in English life. Some ceremonies are rather formal, such as the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace, Trooping the Colour, the State opening of Parliament. Sometimes you will see a group of cavalrymen riding on black horses through the streets of London. They wear red uniforms, shining helmets, long black boots and long white gloves. These men are Life Guards. Their special duty is to guard the king or the queen of Great Britain and very important quests of the country.
To this day an English family prefers a house with a fireplace and a garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating. Most English love gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little square covered with cement painted green in imitation of grass and a box of flowers. They love flowers very much.
The English people like animals very much, too. Pet dogs, cats, horses, ducks, chickens, canaries and other friends of man have a much better life in Britain than anywhere else. In Britain they have special dog shops selling food, clothes and other things for dogs. In recent years the English began to show love for more “exotic” animals such as crocodiles, elephants, tigers, cobras, camels.
Holidays are especially rich in old traditions and are different in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English national holiday and in Scotland it is not observed at all. But six days later, on New Year’s Eve the Scotts begin to enjoy themselves. All the shops and factories are closed on New Year’s Day. People invite their friends to their houses. Greetings and presents are offered.
A new tradition has been born in Britain. Every year a large number of ancient motor-cars drive from London to Brighton. Some of these veteran cars look very funny. This run from London to Brighton is a colourful demonstration. People are dressed in the clothes of those times. It is not a race, and most of the cars come to Brighton, which is sixty miles from London, only in the evening.
Ответьте на вопросы:
What formal ceremonies in England do you know?
Most English love gardens, don’t they?
What animals do the English have in their houses?
Name the great English national holiday. Is it observed in Scotland?
What new tradition has been born in Britain?
Текст 3 the british year
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
In Britain Christmas is the most important public holiday of the year. It combines the custom of giving gifts with the tradition of spending this day with the family. Every year a huge Christmas tree, a gift of Novergian people in thanks for Britains support during the Second World War, graces Trafalgar Square. Christmas is a traditional family reunion day. On this day many people attend a church service, open their presents, eat a Christmas dinner and watch the Sovereign’s annual Christmas broadcast on television.
Boxing Day comes right after Christmas and is celebrated as a bank holiday in Britain(a "bank" holiday is an official public holiday when all banks, post offices, most factories, offices and shops are closed).It was formerly a custom to give "Christmas boxes", or gifts, or money to servants and tradesman on this day. The custom gave a name to a holiday. This is the day when one visit friends or relatives, goes for a drive or a long walk or just stays at home.
New Year
January 1, New Year"s Day is now a public holiday in England. New Year is a big holiday in Scotland. New Year"s Eve is called Hogmanay and is an occasion for much joyous and noisy celebration. When the clock strikes 12 people stand in a circle, join hands and sing the famous song "Auld Lang Syne", written by Robert Burns.
The celebration of the Burns Night is held on the 25-th of January, the anniversary of the birth of Robert Burns, Scotland’s greatest national poet. It usually takes a form of a supper, at which traditional Scottish dishes are eaten, including haggis, and during which a Scottish piper plays, wearing traditional Highland dress.
14-th of February: St"Valenties Day
February 14 is the day for lovers! Boys and girls, sweetheart and lovers, husbands and wives, friends and neighbors, and even the office staff exchange greetings of affection.
St" David is the national saint of Wales and March 1 is the national holiday of Wales. On this day many Welshmen wear either a daffodil or a leek, pinned to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national emblems of Wales.
St" Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. The 17 of March, the church festival of St" Patrick, is regarded as national Day in Northern Ireland.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent (the 40 days before Easter). People traditionally eat pancakes on Pancake Day which are made from eggs, flour and milk, fried on both sides in fat on a pan and eaten with lemon juice and sugar. In many towns pancake races are held on Shrove Tuesday in which women run with pancakes. As they run they toss the pancake up and over in the air and catches it again in the pan. It is not at all easy to toss and catch a pancake when running a race!
This is the funniest Day of the year, when traditionally practical jokes are played. People take them in good part and 1 aught heartily even if some tricks or jokes have made April fools of them.
St" George is the patron saint of England. It is the church festival of St" George, regarded as England’s national day(also not an official bank holiday).On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their, jackets.
Easter is the most important religious festival. It is traditionally associated with Easter eggs and with the coming of spring and most churches are specially decorated with flowers for the services held on Easter Day. In many towns there are funfairs with roundabouts, coconut shies, switchbakers and other amusements. People who live in London can see the Easter Parade in Battersea Park.
May Dav ! May is a traditional celebration of coming of spring, when many outdoor events are held, and at which a May Queen may be elected. The girl chosen as the most beautiful on May Day is usually crowed with a garland of flowers and often driven in procession through the streets. Some villages have a maypole. This is the tall pole with ribbons hanging from the top. Children dance round it, holding the ribbons.
Trooping the colour takes place every June as a part of a 200-year-old ceremony to mark the official birthday of the monarch. Trooping the Colour is an impressive military dicplay held at Horse Guard Parade, a huge open space behind Whitehall where the various Royal units troop their regimental flag to the tune of marching music and thundering drums. The military taken part are the Household Cavalry and Brigade of Guards, dressed in ceremonial uniforms. They march past hte Queen, dipping their Colours in salute. The ceremony ends with the Queen returning to Buckingham Palace at the Head of the Guards.
Remembarance Day Poppy Day is observed throughout Britain on the Sunday nearest to 11 November, Armistice Day. On this day the fallen in both world wars are remembered in special chore services and civic ceremonies, the chief of which is the laying of wreaths at the Cenotaph, London, by members of the Royal family in the presence of leading statesman and politicians. On and just before that day artificial poppies, a symbol of mourning are traditionally sold in the streets everywhere, and people wear them in memory of those who fall in the wars.
