Литература на английском языке по строительству. Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей "строительные материалы". Естественно встречающиеся в природе вещества

Основной целью данного методического пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению и пониманию аутентичных текстов по специальности. Тематика текстов охватывает основные строительные понятия, историю предмета и развития строительного дела, современные строительные технологии.

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1.Введение…………………………………………………………..2.

2.Lesson1.”Сivil Engineering”…………………………………….3.

3.Lesson2.”From the history of building”………………………..8.

4.Lesson3.”Construction works”………………………………….13.

5. Список использованной литературы………………………...19.

Введение.

Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов строительных специальностей и составлено в соответствии с требованиями учебной программы.

Основной целью данного методического пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению и пониманию аутентичных текстов по специальности. Тематика текстов охватывает основные строительные понятия, историю предмета и развития строительного дела, современные строительные технологии.

Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей: практической и теоретической, дополнительных текстов с заданиями, англо-русского и русско-английского словаря.

Каждый урок имеет определенную структуру: лексическая часть включает основной текст, словарь и комментарий для активного усвоения лексики урока, а также лексические и послетекстовые упражнения различного типа. Кроме того, урок содержит комплекс грамматических упражнений, направленных на введение и закрепление нового и повторение пройденного грамматического материала. К каждому уроку даются дополнительные тексты, тематически связанные с основным. Это дает возможность расширить лексический запас и кругозор студентов по каждой теме.

Учебное пособие также включает задания, ориентированные на формирование навыков монологической речи.

Англо-русский и русско-английский словари содержат терминологию по строительной специальности, необходимую для понимания аутентичных текстов.

Lesson 1.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

1 . Read and translate the text

Civil Engineering

The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-

Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word "engineering"

as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.

Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of

designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied

*in a more extended sense.1 It is applied also to the art of

executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture,

in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering

is divided into many branches. The most important of them

are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine,

and sanitary engineering.

While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two centuries,

the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It

started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand

clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us

consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.

Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces

of nature have always been necessary for the people from the

prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the

elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the

work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military

engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there

were two main branches of engineering - civil and military. T h e

former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly

connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,

while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials

in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with

new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial

Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical

inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.

It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,

etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine

and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested

in the practical application of the science of mechanics and

thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves

from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".

With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared

another branch of the engineering - electrical engineering. It is

devided now into two main branches: communications engineering

and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new

branches of engineering - nuclear engineering and space engineering.

The former is based on atomic physics, the latter - on the

achievements of modern science and engineering.

At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but

they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the

widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering

as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the

present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical

engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining

engineering.

*Here are some fields of civil engineering3:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed

structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams

and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the

field of civil engineering.

2 . Key vocabulary / expressions

appliance -n приспособление, прибор

apply -v обращаться (for -за помощью, справкой

и т.д. to - ккому-л)

branch - п ветвь; филиал; отрасль

concern (with)-v" касаться, относиться; интересовать

conflict with nature ["neitja] - противоречить природе,

бороться с природой

deal (with) -v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л.

divide (into) - v делить, разделять

distinguish (from)-v отличать

execute - v выполнять

harbour ["ha:ba] - n гавань

lead (to)-v вести (к)

protect oneself against - защищаться от чего-л.

sustain -v поддерживать; выдерживать

3. Word construction (Different ways to construct words)

Translate the words keeping in mind their suffixes and

prefixes.

military - non-military - militarisation; enumerate - enumeration;

decide - decision-decision-maker; invent - inventor-invention;

apply - appliance - application; explain - explanatory -

explanation;

build - builder - building -rebuilt; achieve - achievement;

construct - constructor-construction - constructive-reconstruct

4 . General understanding. Answer the questions

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?

4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

5 . Translate from English into Russian

1. The ancient Greeks put a high premium on building skills.

2. The Babylonians of 1800 B.C. hammered out their messages

on stone tablets.

3. He will graduate from the university in five years.

4. Construction business also has lots of competition.

5.1 hope she will be back from her trip to Europe next week.

6. The Brooklyn Bridge was remarkable not only for the first

use of the pneumatic caisson but also the introduction of steel

wire.

7. Architecturally, Venice is very beautiful.

8. I"ll take care of this matter personally.

9. Are you going to work as a civil engineer in five years?

10. Many centuries ago man learned to shape clay into blocks.

11. The Twelve Apostles are high rocks in the sea area of Australia.

12. A lot of various modern materials are widely used in civil

engineering now.

6 . Translate from Russian into English

1. Студенты вашей группы посещают все лекции?

2. Я знаю много английских слов.

3. Мы пойдем на дискотеку вечером?

4. Аня много помогает мне с переводом английских текстов.

5. Вы купили этот учебник вчера или позавчера?

5. Лекция продлится два академических часа.

6. Студенты обычно повторяют новые слова перед уроком.

7. Мой друг поступил в политехнический институт в

прошлом году.

8. Два года назад мы и не слышали об этом

9. Никогда не видела, чтобы он что-нибудь читал.

10. Я буду очень рада, если вы придете.

11. Занятия в университете всегда начинаются ровно в 8.30 утра.

CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISES

(Grammar appendix p.p. 200-212)

Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct.

Some are incorrect. First, find the correct sentences and mark

them with a check (v). Then find the incorrect sentences, and

correct them.

Nouns. Revise all the material concerning nouns.

1. The life comes from and depends on the nature.

2. The students at the university are also assigned homeworks.

3. Dam is a wall constructed across a valley to enclose an area

in which water is stored.

4. The light travels in a straight line.

5.1 prefer having my coffee with the milk.

6. The peace in the world is the goal of all nations.

7. They were accustomed to speak the English at home at that

time.

8. The happiness is an abstract notion.

9. Staring at a computer screen for long periods of times can

cause severe eyestrain.

10. The water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and freezes at 32

degrees Fahrenheit.

11. The mathematics were her favourite subject at school.

12. She is the good economist.

13. She is such the clever girl.

14. A director wants to see you.

15. The Washington is the capital of the USA.

Pronouns. Revise all the material concerning pronouns.

1. His dances well to who fortune pipes.

2. The bus leaves their at the corner.

3. Didn"t you know that it was us who played the joke?

4. They completely rely on you helping.

5.1 never saw she in such a terrible state.

6. If his has any possibility to help you, he will do it.

7. After Betty graduated from Business school, her opened a

bookstore.

8. We know that Leif Erickson and his Norwegian companions

were the first white men to land on the North American coast in

1000 A.D.

9. It was she, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, whose led

England into the age of Empire.

TIME FOR FUN

1. Read the text

What is home?

(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)

A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind?

Floors to keep out the cold?

Yes, but home is more than that. It"s the laugh of a baby, the song

of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light

from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship.

Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they

learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for

comfort when they are hurt or sick.

Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers

are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the

simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where

money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the teakettle

sings from happiness.

That is home. Sweet home.

God bless it.

2. Tell the group what is a home for YOU?

PRO VERBS AND SA YINGS TO THE TOPIC

3. Read, translate and memorise the following:

East or West-home is best.

There is no other place like home.

4. Read and try to retell the anecdotes changing Direct

Speech into Indirect, (see Grammar Appendix p.p. 226-229)

Once a schoolgirl was at a dinner party. She was next to a very

famous astronomer at the table and she decided to talk to him.

"What do you do in life?" she asked.

"I study astronomy", he answered.

"Dear me!" exclaimed the young lady, "I finished astronomy

last year".

п..

A rich American banker asked a well-known painter to do a little

thing for his album. The painter did it and asked a hundred dollars.

"Why", cried the banker, "it took you only five minutes to do it".

"Yes", answered the painter, "but it took me thirty years to learn

how to do it in five minutes".

Lesson 2.

FROM THE HISTORY

OF BUILDING

1. Read and translate the text

From the History of Building

Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people

live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes

in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In

colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and

trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as

mud, wood or stones.

Later people found otit that bricks made of mud and dried in the

hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially,

people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of

their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

The aacient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building

purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest

tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1, king of Egypt. The ancient

Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate

their kings or pharaohs.

The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut

stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They

often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration.

Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in

Greece.

Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony

and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces

the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.

The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In

road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected

aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions

аre used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of

t boldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material

vJSed all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the

J^cmans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, production:

it"s shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or

r ectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched

caning at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be

v^ithdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely

inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some

P laces of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian

\^all, which was erected to protect the Romans from the celtic tribes

irlthe first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire

f£>raboat four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to

remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.

By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who

suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon

with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number

of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths

of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in

K-Ome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperoA

In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete

to the position of the main structural material in the empire.

It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of

tfre great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge

of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but

rr»ention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2.

Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction

was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and

the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued

in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London

Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted

of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad

foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3.

The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of

which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.

During the last hundred years many new methods of building have

been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness

of steel as a building material.

Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the

frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in

concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than

brick or natural stone and much stronger than they areiThe earliest

findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times

were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction

of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences

that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.

The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back

as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use4 it throughout the

ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions

made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long

life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete

people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which

were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations

and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete". The idea of such

building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks

as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

2. A few explanations to the text

1... .pyramid of Khufu ["ku"fu:] - пирамида Хуфу

2. ...to withstand the Thames current. - ...чтобы

противостоять течению Темзы.

3. .. .but mention was made of it in the writings of architects

from time to time - но время от времени можно встретить

упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.

4. They were the first to use... - они первыми использовали

5 on a pretty large scale- в довольно широких

Масштабах

3 . Key vocabulary /expressions

art of building - искусство строить

brick - n кирпич

borrow ["borou] - v (from) занимать, заимствовать

concrete ["konkrit] - n бетон,

dome - n купол

4 . Find the corresponding Russian meaning of the international

words given above in ex.5. Start compiling your own

vocabulary of international words.

ex. business ["biznis]

1) бизнес, торговля, коммерческая деятельность

2) коммерческое, торговое предприятие, фирма

3) (выгодная) сделка

4) дело, занятие, профессия

5. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

sun-dried mud bricks

timber piles:

pseudo concrete

the ruins of Pompeii

harmony and pure beauty

6. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following

Russian

доисторические времена.

римский период

бесполезность использования стали

в качестве строительного материала

грубо обтесанный камень

они первыми использовали

недавние открытия

в довольно широких масштабах

10. Comparison.

10.1. Read and translate the sentences

1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to

study before exams.

2. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the

classroom.

3. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.

4. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.

5. The less you speak, the more you hear.

6. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as

today so in the ancient world.

7. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.

8. The people began to build houses of different materials such

as mud, wood, or stone.

9. After that procedure bricks became almost as hard as stones.

10. Concrete is much stronger than brick or natural stone.

11. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences.

1. This student translates well, (who? how?)

2. His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?)

3. She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)

4. He is the best student of our group because he works hard,

(why?)

5. They will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)

6. I like to read newspapers, (what?)

7: We saw this film a week ago, (what? when?)

8. The teacher gave her two interestingmagazines. (whom? how

many? what?)

12 . Finish the questions

1 . We have to sign this, ?

2. Let"s go home, ?

3. You can"t speak French, ?

4. He ought .to go to Moscow, ?

5. He will meet us at the airport, ?

6. Students have to register before the end of the first week of

class, ?

7. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in

October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings

Time,

READ FOR FUN

Which word is shorter if you put another syllable on the end?

Oh, there" s no answer to that question. You can"t make a

word shorter by putting a syllable on the end.

Oh, yes, you can. It"s the word "short". If you put the syllable-

er on the end, it"s shorter.

2. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into

Indirect

A tramp is asking a farmer for work.

"You can gather eggs for me", says the farmer, "if you don"t

steal any".

"Sir", answers the tramp with tears in his eyes", you can trust

me. For twenty years I was a manager of a bathhouse and I

never took a bath".

Lesson 3.

CONSTRUCTION WORKS

1. Read and translate the text

Construction Works

The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their

owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple-a roof to

keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.

The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications:

they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.

As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided

into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artifical

material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone

(rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external

walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are

durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories

are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they

are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.

The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to

keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to

the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give

strength and firmness to the construction.

Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional

in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements

of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any

excesses.

Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation

and heating system.

Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of

this problem is called water supply and the second one is called

drainage or Sewerage.

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *followed

its progress with interest1. First the excavation is dug for the

basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed;

after this the framework is erected and clothed with various

finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the

framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The

floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully

designed and proportioned.

The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls,

the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the

framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.

Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.

V Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with

the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent thefn from

sinking and setting which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.

Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber

or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built

to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls

may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction

can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather.

They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different

facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to

design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission

a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility

for the project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey

and design work, as well as to work out *basic and detailed engi-

neering2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor"s highly

qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction

works, carrying out installation, *start-up and adjustment

operations3.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts,

that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are

specified in the technical handbooks.

As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed

and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor

notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor

begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does

the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning

to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance.

Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee

test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met.

As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could

normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving

several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They

are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for

the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

2. A few explanations to the text

1... .followed its progress with interest.-с интересом следил

за его ростом

2. basic and detailed engineering - выполнение проектной

документации

3. starting up and adjustment operations-пуско-наладочные

Работы

3. Key vocabulary / expressions

basement ["beizmant] -и фундамент, основание; подвал

beam - n балка, балансир

cause - n причина, сторона

coat - п покрытие, ~ слой (краски)

commission-v пускать в эксплуатацию

contractor- п подрядчик

designed performance - проектная мощность

foundation - п основание, фундамент

framework ["freimwa:k] - п конструкция, структура

girder [" ga:da]- п поясная балка, прогон

precornrnissioning works-предпусковые работы

spare parts-v запасные части

timber ["timba] - п лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка

4. Learn to recognize the international words. Give Russian

equivalents to the following words without a dictionary

5. Test your own attention. Find English equivalents in the

text

огнеупорный материал

бутовая кладка

различные отделочные материалы

защитить несколькими слоями краски

нулевой цикл

сертификат о завершении строительства.

строительство "под ключ"

проектно-изыскательские работы

местные и иностранные субподрядчики_

6. General understanding. Answer the guestions to the text

1. What purpose is the natural stone used for?

2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick?

3. Should the coverings tie the walls?

4. What must every building be?

5. What are the main parts of a building?

6. What are their functions?

7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?

8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?

9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?

10. How is a turnkey contract usually won?

11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about?

12. What building professions have you come across in the text?

Translate the following words keeping in mind their prefixes

enclose, enable, encounter, enact, emplane, encamp, embank,

encase, enchant, encircle, embody, empoison, encompass, encapsulate,

enclose, embed, empurple, enrich.

State to what part of speech the following words belong

according to their suffixes.

builder, appearance, possible, action, carefully, structure, com-"

petitor, equipment, military, deployment, specific, customer,

hydraulic, competitive, remember, consistency, character, assistant,

electrical, clearly, energy, useful, building.

Translate the following words as nouns and as verbs.

change, design, mention, place, manufacture, state, engineer,

use, target, base

Match the verb to the correct preposition

1. conflict

2. protect

3. distinguish

4. find

5. concern

6. divide

7. lead

8. borrow

9. intend

10. deal

a) against

b)into

c) with

d)to

e)out

f)at

g) from

h)for

7. Translate the sentences with MODAL VERBS or their

EQUIVALENTS.

1. The walls may be solid or hollow.

2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick,

stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain

himself in the conflict with nature.

4. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.

5. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects

had to use concrete in their structures.

6. The production of many building materials is to be increased.

7. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.

8. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must

be carefully designed and proportioned.

9. Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into

two main sections- winter and summer.

10. To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount

of motion.

11. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute

the heat uniformly throughout the rooms.

12. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of

pyramids.

8. Translate the sentences with the construction "there

is/are, etc".

1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the

city.

2. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.

3. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of

Julus Ceasar.

4. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining

in Rome till nowadays.

5. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as

people live in today.

6. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year.

7. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in

the building purposes.

8. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue

after its reconstruction.

9. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in

many parts of Canberra.

3 . Read and discuss the anecdote with your partner

Joseph Turner was a great English painter. He had a dog. He

liked his dog very much.

One day he was playing with his dog. Suddenly the dog broke his

leg. Turner sent for a well-known doctor.

When the doctor came, Turner said, "Doctor, my dog has broken

his leg. I know that you are too good for this work but please do it. It

is so important to me".

The doctor was angry but he did not show it.

The next day the doctor asked Turner to come to his place. Turner

promised to come as he thought that the doctor wanted to see him

about his dog.

When Turner came to the doctor"s house, the doctor said, "Mr.

Turner, I"m so glad to see you. I"d like to ask you to paint my door.

I know that you are too good for this work but, please, do it. It is so

important to me".

Основные источники:

1. Тимофеев В.Г., Вильнер А.Б., Колесникова И.Л. и др. Учебник английского языка для 10 класса (базовый уровень) / под ред. В.Г. Тимофеева. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 261, 2007.
2. Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский и русско-английский. – М.: Эксмо , p.698, 2008.
3. Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Student’s book - Express Publishing, р. 145, 2007
4. Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Student’s CD - Express Publishing, p. 157, 2007
5. Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley Upspream. Elementary A2 Workbook student’s book - Express Publishing, p. 97, 2007

Дополнительные источники:

базовые курсы

1. Global Beginner Coursebook. Кейт Пикеринг, Джеки Макэвой, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, 2010 Global Elementary Coursebook. Линдсей Кленфилд, Ребекка Роб Бени, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 198, 2010
2. Global Pre-intermediate Coursebook. Линдсей Кленфилд, - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 199, 2010
3. In Company Second Edition, Elementary Student"s Book with CD-Rom. Саймон Кларк - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 240, 2010
4. In Company Second Edition, Pre-intermediate Student"s Book with CD-Rom. Саймон Кларк - Оксфорд, Макмиллан, р. 137, 2009
5. Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 1 Student’s / Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p. 128
6. Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 2 Student’s / Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p.128
7. Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 3 Student’s
8. Virginia Evans – Jenny Doole Upload 4 Student’s /Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p. 136

профильные курсы

1. Macmillan Guide to Science. Е.Э. Кожарская - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 137, 2008
2. Career Paths: Hotel Catering , Express Publishing, 2011,p.120
3. Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley – Veronica Garza Career Paths: Tourism E xpress Publishingpages: p.120Macmillan Guide to Science. Е.Э. Кожарская - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 137, 2008
4. Macmillan Guide to Economics. Л.К. Раицкая - Макмиллан, Оксфорд, p. 145, 2007
5. Basic Survival, International Communication for Professional People, Peter Viney, Macmillan, p. 127, 2010
6. Серия Oxford English for careers (Pre-Int, Int, Upper-Int. MID A2 to B2) – OUP, p. 145, 2009
7. Oxford Business Dictionary(Upper-Int to Advanced B1 to C2) – OUP, p. 478, 2009
8. О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова «Английский язык для строителей», 2004г.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 1 VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY

1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text "Building Engineering as a Discipline" and translate the given sentences.

1. build (built) v - строить

building n - здание, строение, сооружение; строитель­ство

building design - проектирование зданий They build new houses in that area. Types of buildings may be

classified according to the role in the community. Modern building

constitutes a vital element of national industry.

2. construct v - строить, сооружать
construction n - строительство, стройка
building construction - домостроение

They are planning to construct a new supermarket near our house. The factors that condition the selection of materials for construction include availability, cost and physical properties. During building construction, several things went wrong.

3. building engineering [,end3i"ni3rm] -- строительство граж­данских зданий
civil engineering ["sivl] - гражданское строительство structural engineering ["strAktfral] - проектирование зда­ний и сооружений

Building science and building engineering are fields of study concerned with the technical performance of buildings, building materials, and building systems. I am doing a civil engineering course at the university, which is very hard, but I am really enjoying it. Structural engineering has made rapid strides in the last century.

4. air-conditioning ["eaksn.dijnin] n - кондиционирование
air-conditioner n - кондиционер

Buildings have air-conditioning. There are many similarities in the way an air-conditioner -works to the way a refrigerator works.

5. mean (meant ) v- значить; подразумевать
means n - средство, способ; ресурсы

by means of - посредством

The red light means "Stop". They didn"t provide me with any means of transport. The tests were marked by means of a computer.

6. diverse яа^"- разнообразный, разный
diversity n - разнообразие, многообразие

The growing building industry offers diverse job opportunities. He has a great diversity of interests.

7. impact ["impa?kt] - n воздействие, влияние

The computer has had (made) a great impact on modern life.

8. measure ["тезэ] - п умера; измерять, иметь размеры
measurement ["тезэтэпг] п - размер, измерение

We take certain measures to reduce the consumption of the material. She measured the table. This table measures two metres

Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей

UNIT 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

By one metre. We can find the size of something by means of measurement.

9. vary ["vean] v - менять, изменять, варьировать

various ["vearias] adj - различный, разный, разнооб­разный variety n - разнообразие

Steel varies considerably in its microstructure. The demand for various building materials is enormous. A wide variety of mass-produced elements are now available.

10. maintain v - обслуживать, содержать в ис­
правности, поддерживать, сохранять, содержать
maintenance ["meintanans] n - уход, содержание в ис­
правности, текущий ремонт, поддержка, содержание,
сохранение

Some floor materials are easy to maintain. These operations involve the construction, maintenance of structures, grounds, and so on.

11. structure ["strAktfa] n - конструкция, сооружение, стро­
ение, здание, конструкция

building structure - строительная конструкция, здание

Wood structures were very common in earlier times. The more insulation we provide, the more the building structure costs.

12. foundation n - фундамент

First they laid the foundation, and then they built the walls.

13. computer-aided design (CAD) - ав­томатизированное проектирование

Today, the use of Computer-Aided Design techniques has revolutionised design and construction processes within the industry.

14. facility n - устройство, приспособление, обо­
рудование; сооружение; {pi.) условия, возможности,
средства

A new facility had been built just outside the city to process all the sewage. The new factory has enabled to bring research and development activities under the same roof as all production facilities.

15. perform v - исполнять, выполнять, совершать
performance и - производительность, эф­
фективность, кпд; эксплуатационные характеристики;
работа

They perform a considerable amount of building work at the factory. This enables us to ensure the good performance of the beams.

16. utility n - (pl.) инженерные сети; коммуналь­
ные услуги; коммунальные предприятия обслуживания
(сооружения)

conservation utility [,konsa"veifn] - управление по охра­не природы и рационального природопользования

The introduction of urban utilities improved life in the city.

17. survey ["sa:vei] n v - топографическая съемка
(служба); производить топографическую съемку, меже­
вать

surveying n - съемка, промер, картирование surveyor n - геодезист, маркшейдер

Surveys are made for many purposes, such as the determination of areas, and the plotting of maps. They started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through. Surveying is employed to measure and locate lines and angles on the surface of the earth. Many new instruments are employed to facilitate the surveyor"s work.

План урока

Дисциплина:“Английский язык”

Тема: Buildingmaterials\Строительные материалы

Тип занятия: урок усвоения нового материала

Используемые методы: частично-поисковый, контроль, репродуктивный, упражнение, самостоятельная работа студентов.

Цели занятия:

• Обучающая: Способствовать обучению профессиональной лексики по теме:“Строительные материалы”, формированию репродуктивных умений, содействовать активизации лексического материала по данной теме.
• Воспитательная: Содействовать воспитанию всесторонне развитой личности, cпособствовать воспитанию чувства уважения к иностранному языку, создать условия для развития и углубления интересов студентов в выбранной ими области знания, в частности как средство получения профессионально-значимой информации.
• Развивающая:
  Развитие:
  навыков интегрированного труда во время учебных занятий,
  логического мышления,
  навыков общения,
  памяти и внимания.

Межпредметные связи: предметы профессионально-технического цикла.

После изучения темы студент должен:

• знать:
  типы строительных материалов, состав строительных материалов, лексический минимум по данной теме, грамматический материал: страдательный залог настоящего простого времени.
• уметь:
  воспринимать и переводить иностранную речь, работать со словарем, употреблять в речи страдательный залог настоящего времени, выполнять грамматические упражнения.

План занятия.

1. Организационный момент – 5 мин.
   1. постановка целей и задач
   2. актуализация знаний
2. Ознакомление с новым лексическим материалом – 20–25мин.
   1. фонетическая отработка лексических единиц по теме
   2. введение и отработка новых лексических единиц
3. Закрепление. Отработка НЛЕ по теме – 40 мин.
   1. на основе текста, выполнение упражнений к тексту
   2. самостоятельная работа (работа в группах)
4. Подведение итогов урока – 10 мин.
   1. домашнее задание
   2. рефлексия
   3. выставление оценок

Оснащенность урока:

1. Учебно-методическое пособие.
2. Словари.
3. Раздаточный материал по новой лексике.
4. Иллюстративный материал
5. Оформление доски

Ход занятия

1. Приветствие и вступительное слово преподавателя (Greeting): объявление темы, цели, плана занятия.

Hello, dear students. I hope you are all f ine, aren’t you? So tell me please, who is absent today? Are you ready to work? Haven’t you forgotten your exercise – books at home?

Today we shall do some interesting work that refers to building industry.

2. Warm-up activity (языковая разминка): So, students, look at the blackboard, please. Here you can find some words and transcription.

Your task is to go to the blackboard and find transcription for each word. And then try to translate this word.

(Соедините слово с его транскрипцией):

Tell me please, what is your profession? (Скажите, кто вы по профессии) Do you work with building materials? (вы работаете со строительными материалами?) Doyoulikeit? (Нравится?)

Canyoulayabrick? (Вы умеете класть кирпич?)

Did you built anything? (Что-нибудь строили?)

In order to build a house or road, you should know what building materials exist, so we must learn types of building materials (Для того чтобы простроить дом иль дорогу, вам следует знать какие строительные материалы существуют).

So, could you tell me the topic of our lesson? (Вы догадались, какая тема урока сегодня?)

Yes, you are right. (Правильно)

Let’s open your ex-books and write down the date and the topic of the lesson (открываем тетради и записываем число).

Very good. What building materials do you know in Russian? (какие строительные материалы вы знаете на русском?). ButwhatisforEnglish “кирпич” andsoon.

Look at the cards. I suggest you to play a game. Let’s read words try to mach English and Russian words. (Посмотрите на карточки. Я вам предлагаю игру. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским)

I give you five minutes (явамдаю 5 минут). Let’s check (Проверяем). Name one by one (называем по очереди). If it is wrong, correct it (если не правильно, то исправляем).

3. Go on our work with the words (продолжаем работу с лексикой). Look at these lists (Посмотрите на тексты). Let’s read this text sentence by sentence, try to translate (Читаем по очереди каждое предложение и переводим). Some questions are there for you (и после текста будем выполнять задания)(см. Приложение 1 . )

I. Read and translate the following sentences and find the passive voice (Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, найдите в тексте случаи употребления страдательного залога):

Timber, concrete, steel, lime, gypsum, cement are used in the building construction.

The building brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand.

The most important building materials may now be considered to be structural steel and concrete

II. Pick out from the text all the words denoting building materials; give their translations into Russian (выберите из текста все слова, которые относятся к строительным материалам).

III. Answer the questions (Ответьте на вопросы):

1. What materials are used in building construction?

2. What materials form very important elements in masonry structures?

3. What is the most accurate method of measuring proportions?

IV. Let’s make groups and prepare for the information using this text (Давайте разделимся на группы и каждая группа готовит сообщение, пользуясь текстом):

Important building materials. 2. Brick. 3. Timber. 4. Lime.

Summarizing (подведение итогов). Shortly, what did we study today? What was new for you, St1, St2…

Look at the board again(Взгляните на доску). One person from each group goes to the blackboard and writes what it is (один студент из группы выходит к доске и пишет название строительного материала).

Guess, please, what it is? (Отгадайте, что это) (см. Приложение 2 .)

Учебник построен на базе стандарта курса иностранного языка для неязыковых специальностей и рассчитан на профессионально ориентированный этап обучения. Основная цель работы с учебником и практикумом развитие и совершенствование умений читать и переводить оригинальную литературу на английском языке по специальности, а также развитие навыков разговорной речи в пределах пройденной тематики.

Шаг 1. Выбирайте книги в каталоге и нажимаете кнопку «Купить»;

Шаг 2. Переходите в раздел «Корзина»;

Шаг 3. Укажите необходимое количество, заполните данные в блоках Получатель и Доставка;

Шаг 4. Нажимаете кнопку «Перейти к оплате».

На данный момент приобрести печатные книги, электронные доступы или книги в подарок библиотеке на сайте ЭБС возможно только по стопроцентной предварительной оплате. После оплаты Вам будет предоставлен доступ к полному тексту учебника в рамках Электронной библиотеки или мы начинаем готовить для Вас заказ в типографии.

Внимание! Просим не менять способ оплаты по заказам. Если Вы уже выбрали какой-либо способ оплаты и не удалось совершить платеж, необходимо переоформить заказ заново и оплатить его другим удобным способом.

Оплатить заказ можно одним из предложенных способов:

1. Безналичный способ:
   • Банковская карта: необходимо заполнить все поля формы. Некоторые банки просят подтвердить оплату – для этого на Ваш номер телефона придет смс-код.
   • Онлайн-банкинг: банки, сотрудничающие с платежным сервисом, предложат свою форму для заполнения. Просим корректно ввести данные во все поля.
     Например, для " class="text-primary">Сбербанк Онлайн требуются номер мобильного телефона и электронная почта. Для " class="text-primary">Альфа-банка потребуются логин в сервисе Альфа-Клик и электронная почта.
   • Электронный кошелек: если у Вас есть Яндекс-кошелек или Qiwi Wallet, Вы можете оплатить заказ через них. Для этого выберите соответствующий способ оплаты и заполните предложенные поля, затем система перенаправит Вас на страницу для подтверждения выставленного счета.

Серия «Высшее профессиональное образование»

О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова

ПРАКТИКУМ

Учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений подготовлено в соответствии

с Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования Российской Федерации и программой учебного курса

Ростов-на-Дону Феникс

ББК 81.2 М91

Рецензенты:

завкафедрой КубГТУ, доктор филологических наук, профессор, действительный член Ныо-Йорской Академии Наук С.Г.Воркачев; кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры Научно-тех­ нического перевода КубГТУ Е.А.Жук, кандидат филологичес­ ких наук, профессор кафедры Иностранных языков Новороссийс­ кого политехнического института Е.В.Кинчина

Мусихина О.Н., Гисина O.F., Яськова В.Л.

М 91 Английский язык для строителей. Практикум / Серия «Высшее профессиональное образование».-Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2004. - 352 с.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов строитель­ ных специальностей технических вузов и всех желающих ов­ ладеть лексикой по следующим разделам: строительство, ме­ неджмент и маркетинг в строительстве, устойчивое развитие региона и т.д.

Учебное пособие включает также тексты научно-популяр­ ного характера и нацелено на развитие у студентов навыков чтения, понимания текстов и говорения на английском языке, как на темы строительства, так и в других областях человечес­ кого общения.

ISBN 5-222-04873-Х

Мусихина О.Н., Гисина О.Г.-, ЯеьковаВ.Л., 2004 «Феникс», оформление, 2004

к ности. В основе пособия лежат как методически обработанные

	ительного дела, современные строительные технологии, а также
	проблемы маркетинга и менеджмента в строительстве. Отдель­
	ные тексты содержат информацию страноведческой и культуро­
	логической направленности и носят обучающий и познаватель­
	ный характер. Некоторые уроки снабжены высказываниями лю­
	дей, имеющих огромный практический опыт в бизнесе, что также
	нансового менталитета обучаемых {Financial Intelligence
	Quotient), и является немаловажным для развития российской мо­
	лодежи в современных рыночных условиях. Высказывания от-
	дельных известных людей, служат основой для развития умения
	говорить на заданную тему и способствуют закреплению лексики
	урока и использованию ее в других жизненных ситуациях.
	Учебное пособие состоит из двух основных частей: практи­
	ческой и теоретической, дополнительных текстов с заданиями,

Англо-русского и русско-английского словаря.

г грамматического материала. К каждому уроку дается один или два дополнительных текста, тематически связанных с основным.

^ Это дает возможность расширить лексический запас и кругозор (с т у д е н т о в по каждой теме: Дополнительные тексты могут слу-

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

жить как для аудиторной работы, так и для самостоятельного чтения.

При составлении текстов и упражнений в учебном пособии уделено большое внимание повторяемости лексических и грам­ матических явлений и использован принцип постепенного нара­ стания трудностей, что позволяет лучше усваивать материал.

Учебное пособие также включает задания, ориентирован­ ные на формирование навыков монологической речи. Выбор те­ матики продиктован требованиями вузовской программы.

В "Фонетическом приложении" даются краткие правила чте­ ния наиболее трудных для произношения букв и буквосочета­ ний английского языка в виде таблиц.

В "Грамматическом приложении" более полно раскрыты те разделы английской грамматики, которые не изучаются в рам­ ках школьной программы, тогда как грамматическим явлени­ ям, изучаемым в школе, уделено меньше внимания.

Англо-русский и русско-английский словари содержат тер­ минологию по строительной специальности, а также лексику, встречающуюся в текстах учебного пособия.

Каждое аудиторное занятие рассчитано на 2 часа, пример­ но столько же требуется на подготовку к нему дома и около од­ ного часа на выполнение письменной работы. На прохождение каждого урока требуется 8-14 аудиторных часов (которые рас­ пределяются поровну на каждую часть). Всего основная часть учебного пособия рассчитана на 200 аудиторных часов. Остаю­ щееся в учебном плане время для работы по практике языка от­ водится на работу с текстами для домашнего чтения (2-А часа в месяц), по газетному материалу и на другие виды работ, выходя­ щие за пределы данного учебника.

Особая благодарность нашим рецензентам: завкафедрой КубГТУ, доктору филологических наук, профессору, действи­ тельному члену Нью-Йорской Академии Наук С.Г. Воркачеву; кандидату филологических наук, доценту кафедры Научно-тех­ нического перевода КубГТУ Е.А. Жук и кандидату филологи­ ческих наук, профессору кафедры Иностранных языков Ново­ российского политехнического института Е.В. Кинчиной.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering

The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New MarriamWebster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word"engineer­ ing" as the practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ ciples. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now ap­ plied *in a more extended sense.1 It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architec­ ture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. En­ gineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two cen­ turies, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to under­ stand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineer­ ing. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forc­ es of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a mil­ itary engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering - civil and military. T h e former included all those branches of the constructive.art not direct­ ly connected with military operations and the constructions of forti­ fications, while the latter2 , military engineering, concerned itself

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

with the applications of science and the utilization of building mate­ rials in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic ener­ gy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engi­ neering, etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became inter­ ested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated them­ selves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engi­ neers".

With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering - electrical engineering. It is devided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new branches of engineering - nuclear engineering and space engineer­ ing. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter - on the achievements of modern science and engineering.

At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engi­ neering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechani­ cal engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

*Here are some fields of civil engineering3 :

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

LESSON 1. C M L ENGINEERMG

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

1... .in a more extended sense-в более широком смысле 2. The former..., while the latter... - первый (имеется в виду из двух упомянутых)..., тогда как последний... (из двух упомянутых)

3. Here are some fields of civil engineering. - Вот некоторые области строительства.

3. Key vocabulary / expressions

appliance -n приспособление, прибор apply -v обращаться(for -за помощью, справкой

и т.д. to - ккому-л)

branch -п ветвь; филиал; отрасль

concern (with)-v" касаться, относиться; интересовать conflict with nature ["neitja] - противоречить природе,

бороться с природой

deal (with) -v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л. divide (into) - v делить, разделять distinguish (from)-v отличать

execute - v выполнять harbour ["ha:ba] - n гавань

lead (to)-v вести(к)

protect oneself against - защищаться от чего-л. sustain -v поддерживать; выдерживать

4. Phonetic drill. Mind the pronunciation of the following words with the italicized letters

Include, fluent, blue, revolution; rule, crude, virulent, ruble / but construct , structure ["strAktJb]

Should, would, could, group, route, soup, rouble

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

[о:] hydraulic, authority, automobile, Australia, August, launch/ but gauge , laugh , aunt, mauve

5. Word construction (Different ways to construct words) Translate the words keeping in mind their suffixes and prefixes.

military - non-military - militarisation; enumerate - enu­ meration;

decide - decision-decision-maker; invent - inventor-in­ vention;

apply - appliance - application; explain - explanatory - explanation;

build - builder - building -rebuilt; achieve - achievement; construct - constructor-construction - constructive-re­ construct

	mechanics
mechanism ["mekgnizm]	economics
principle	mathematics
architecture	thermodynamics
energy ["ena:d3i]	communication
material
construction
element ["elimsnfj	general ["djensral]

7. General understanding. Answer the questions

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?

4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineer­ ing?

8. Speaking Practice. Tell the group about yourself using the following words

to introduce, to finish the school, to enter the university, a fresh­ er, time table, to be going to do smth., to graduate from, hobby, to socialize, free time, to go to the discotheque, to go in for, to listen to the music/radio, to read a lot, etc.

Let"s Revise the Grammar

(see Grammar Appendix p.p. 200-201; 216-219)

9. Make the plural form of the following words. Can you see where the trick is?

branch, tooth, service, century, key, hero, ox, opportunity, en­ gineer, ship, man, earning, county, roof, sheep, business, town, structure, deer, woman, leaf, tornado, mouse, still life, engine, warning, salary, profession, force, meaning, discovery.

10. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE

1. Our group (to go) to the discotheque tonight.

2. We (to get) books from the library next week.

3. We (not to go) to the park in the evening.

4. He (to show) us his report yesterday.

5. My friend (to speak) good English.

6. He (not to pronounce) the given word correctly.

7. This student (to translate) many English texts a year ago.

8. They (to know) this theoretical material pretty well.

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

9. Will you (to travel) to the Crimea or to the Caucasus?

10. It (to be) possible or impossible for you to get to the univer­ sity in 5 minutes?

11. They (not to know) the words properly.

12. Our family (not to travel) to the Crimea last year.

11. Translate from English into Russian

1. The ancient Greeks put a high premium on building skills.

2. The Babylonians of 1800 B.C. hammered out their messages on stone tablets.

3. He will graduate from the university in five years.

4. Construction business also has lots of competition.

5.1 hope she will be back from her trip to Europe next week.

6. The Brooklyn Bridge was remarkable not only for the first use of the pneumatic caisson but also the introduction of steel wire.

7. Architecterally, Venice is very beautiful.

8. I"ll take care of this matter personally.

9. Are you going to work as a civil engineer in five years?

10. Many centuries ago man learned to shape clay into blocks.

11. The Twelve Apostles are high rocks in the sea area of Aus­

12. A lot of various modern materials are widely used in civil engineering now.

1. Студенты вашей группы посещают все лекции?

2. Я знаю много английских слов.

3. Мы пойдем на дискотеку вечером?

4. Аня много помогает мне с переводом английских текстов.

5. Вы купили этот учебник вчера или позавчера?

5. Лекция продлится два академических часа.

6. Студенты обычно повторяют новые слова перед уроком.

7. Мой друг поступил в политехнический институт в прошлом году.

8. Два года назад мы и не слышали об этом.

LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING

9. Никогда не видела, чтобы он что-нибудь читал.

10. Я буду очень рада, если вы придете.

11. Занятия в университете всегда начинаются ровно в 8.30 утра.

13. Use the verbs in brackets in the required CONTINUOUS

1. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different coun­ tries.

2. What (to do) when I came in?

3. She (to come) to Moscow to see her friends. 4.1 (to work) at my manual now.

5. It (not to rain) when we went out for a walk.

6. What he (to do) at 10 p.m. last night?

7. In 1983 they (to live) in Siberia.

8. Today she (to pass an exam) in English, and the day after tomorrow she (to pass an exam) in History.

9.1 came in when they (to play) tennis on the tennis court.

10. What you (to do) at 11 a.m. tomorrow?

14. Translate from English into Russian paying attention to the italicized verbs used for expressing future actions

1. He is going to enter the postgraduate course next year.

2. She is leaving for the USA in a week.

3.- They are coming to the city tomorrow.

4. Nick is starting his new business this year.

5. It is the book I am looking for everywhere.

15. Translate from Russian into English

1. Чем вы занимались, когда мы пришли?

2. Шел сильный дождь, и мы не пошли на прогулку.

3. В 1990 году он работал на стройке.

4. В девять часов она не смотрела телевизор.

5. Я вчера встала рано утром. Был чудесный день. Ярко светило солнце и звонко пели птицы.

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

6. Вы смотрели вчера вечером концерт?

7. Когда вы собираетесь продолжить свои исследования?

8. Они уезжают завтра в Москву.

9. Она начинает писать новую курсовую работу через неделю.

10. Я приду к вам сегодня вечером.

CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISES (Grammar appendix p.p. 200-212)

Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct. Some are incorrect. First, find the correct sentences and mark them with a check (v). Then find the incorrect sentences, and correct them.

Nouns. Revise all the material concerning nouns.

1. The life comes from and depends on the nature.

2. The students at the university are also assigned homeworks.

3. Dam is a wall constructed across a valley to enclose an area in which water is stored.

4. The light travels in a straight line.

5.1 prefer having my coffee with the milk.

6. The peace in the world is the goal of all nations.

7. They were accustomed to speak the English at home at that time.

8. The happiness is an abstract notion.

9. Staring at a computer screen for long periods of times can cause severe eyestrain.

10. The water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

11. The mathematics were her favourite subject at school.

12. She is the good economist.

13. She is such the clever girl.

14. A director wants to see you.

15. The Washington is the capital of the USA.

LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING

Pronouns. Revise all the material concerning pronouns.

1. His dances well to who fortune pipes.

2. The bus leaves their at the corner.

3. Didn"t you know that it was us who played the joke?

4. They completely rely on you helping.

5.1 never saw she in such a terrible state.

6. If his has any possibility to help you, he will do it.

7. After Betty graduated from Business school, her opened a bookstore.

8. We know that Leif Erickson and his Norwegian companions were the first white men to land on the North American coast in 1000 A.D.

9. It was she, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, whose led England into the age of Empire.

1. Read the text

(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)

A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind? Floors to keep out the cold?

Yes, but home is more than that. It"s the laugh of a baby, the song of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship.

Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for comfort when they are hurt or sick.

Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and moth­ ers are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the teaket­ tle sings from happiness.

That is home. Sweet home. God bless it.

Английскийязыкдля СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

2. Tell the group what is a home for YOU?

PRO VERBS AND SA YINGS TO THE TOPIC

3. Read, translate and memorise the following:

East or West-home is best.

There is no other place like home.

4. Read and try to retell the anecdotes changing Direct Speech into Indirect, (see Grammar Appendix p.p. 226-229)

Once a schoolgirl was at a dinner party. She was next to a very famous astronomer at the table and she decided to talk to him.

"What do you do in life?" she asked. "I study astronomy", he answered.

"Dear me!" exclaimed the young lady, "I finished astronomy last year".

A rich American banker asked a well-known painter to do a little thing for his album. The painter did it and asked a hundred dollars.

"Why", cried the banker, "it took you only five minutes to do it". "Yes", answered the painter, "but it took me thirty years to learn

how to do it in five minutes".

FROM THE HISTORY

/. Read and translate the text

From the History of Building

Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as peo­ ple live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.

Later people found otit that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt espe­ cially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

The aacient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The great­ est tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1 , king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate their kings or pharaohs.

The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for de­ coration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.

Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.

The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

^reused till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of t boldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material vJSed all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the J^cmans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, pro­ duction: it"s shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or r ectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched caning at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be v^ithdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were ex­ tremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some p laces of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian \^all, which was erected to protect the Romans from the celtic tribes irlthe first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire

f£>raboat four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.

By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in K-Ome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperoA In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concreteto the position of the main structural material in the empire.

It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of tfre great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but rr»ention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2 .

Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3 .

The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials. Du ring the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material.

Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they areiThe earliest findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use4 it throughout the ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete". The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

2. A few explanations to the text

1... .pyramid of Khufu ["ku"fu:] - пирамида Хуфу

2. ...to withstand the Thames current. - ...чтобы противостоять течению Темзы.

3. .. .but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time - но время от времени можно встретить упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.

4. They were the first to use... - они первыми использовали 5 on a pretty large scale - в довольно широких масштабах

5. Key vocabulary /expressions

art of building - искусство строить brick - n кирпич

borrow ["borou] - v (from) занимать, заимствовать concrete ["konkrit] -n бетон,

dome -n купол

Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ

dwell - v жить, проживать

embody - v олицетворять, воплощать erect fi"rekt] -v возводить, строить

find jfaind] - v (out) обнаружить, найти

kiln - n обжиговая печь, сушильная печь pile - n свая, столб

pillar fpils] - n столб, колонна remains - л pi остатки, руины tribe -n племя

4. Phonetic drill

4.1. Read the words paying attention to defferent pronounciation of letter combinationea

[e] weather, measure, health, ahead, leather, instead great, break, steak, streak

Team, means, beam, cheap, easy, weak, leave theatre, realize, appearence, weary, dreary permeate, create, delineate

4. 2. Mind the pronunciation of the following words withthe italicized silent letters

tomb, bomb, lambpasm], limbflim], р1итЬ[р1лт] listenflisn], christen["kraisn], fasten, often, soften["sofn]

thistle, mistletoe ["misltou], castle, apostlefa"posl] gnome, gnujnu:], gnarled, gnashfnaej], gnawerfno: з]

4. 3. Explain the pronounciation of letter combinationwh in each line

which, why, whelm, whammy who, whole, whom, whose

5. Translate the extract into Russian

The term "civil engineering" is usually applied to such activi­ ties as the excavation and then the construction of different build-

LESSON 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING

ings, bridges, roads, docks, harbours and embankments as well as to the water control by dams and reservoirs, canals and aque­ ducts, pipelines and the reclamation of land.

By the way: What does the international word "reclamation" mean here? Explain it in the most detailed way in Russian.

6. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary

harmony [Ъатаэш]	reservoirf rezavwa:]
tradition	manufacture
decoration	fragment ["fraegmant]
aqueduct ["aekwidAk]	method
	period["pi3ri3d]
	strusture ["strAktJa]
position

7. Find the corresponding Russian meaning of the interna­ tional words given above in ex.5. Start compiling your own vocabulary of international words.

ex. business ["biznis]

1) бизнес, торговля, коммерческая деятельность

2) коммерческое, торговое предприятие, фирма

3) (выгодная) сделка

4) дело, занятие, профессия

8. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

sun-dried mud bricks

the ruins of Pompeii
harmony and pure beauty

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